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You are here: Home / Alternatives  /  Find More Information on Alternative (3Rs) Methods 
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Alternatives
 I Want To Find More Information on Alternative (3Rs) Methods


The 3Rs of alternatives are reduction, refinement, and replacement of animal use in research, testing, and teaching. The concept was developed by Russel and Burch in a 1959 book entitled Principles of Humane Experimental Technique.

Use AWIC's Advanced Alternatives Custom Search to find specially selected materials from AWIC and other credible and reliable sources. Specifically, in addition to the AWIC web site, it searches the web sites of all of the organizations listed here.

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Last Modified: Oct 27, 2009  
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  Find More Information on Alternative (3Rs) Methods
Alternatives
  The 3Rs
  Alternatives in Education
  Alternatives in Toxicology
  Techniques, Methods, Procedures and Models
  Organizations
  Related Journals
  Databases on Alternatives
Link to USDA Animal Care home page
See Also
  Learning About the Literature Search for Alternatives
  Interagency Coordinating Committee for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ICCVAM)
  European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM)
  Fund for the Replacement of Animals in Medical Experiments (FRAME)
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